Alcohol

Cocaine is an intense, euphoria-producing stimulant drug with strong addictive potential. It is usually distributed as a white, crystalline powder. In contrast, cocaine base (crack) looks like small, irregularly shaped chunks or rocks of a whitish solid.

How is it abused?

Powdered cocaine can be snorted or injected into the veins after dissolving in water. Crack is smoked, either alone or on marijuana or tobacco. Cocaine is also abused in combination with an opiate, like heroin, a practice known as “speedballing.”

What is its effect on the mind and body?

The intensity of cocaine’s effects depend on how quickly the drug reaches the brain, which depends on the dose and method of abuse. Following smoking or intravenous injection, cocaine reaches the brain in seconds and results in a rapid-onset, intense euphoric effect known as a “rush”. By contrast, the euphoria caused by snorting cocaine is less intense and dos not happen as quickly due to the slower build-up of the drug in the brain.

Other effects include:

• increased alertness and excitation
• restlessness
• irritability
• anxiety

Tolerance to cocaine’s effects develops rapidly, causing users to take higher and higher doses. Taking high doses of cocaine or prolonged use, such as binging, usually causes paranoia. the rash that follows euphoria is characterized by mental and physical exhaustion, sleep and depression lasting several days.

Physical effects include:

• increased blood pressure and heart rate
• dilated pupils
• insomnia
• loss of appetite
• cardiac arrhythmias
• ischemic heart conditions
• sudden cardiac arrest
• convulsions
• strokes and death
• respiratory syndrome (from long-term use of inhaled cocaine)
• erosion of the upper nasal cavity (from chronic snorting)

What drugs cause similar effects?

• methamphetamine
• stimulants

Source: United States, U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. Drugs of Abuse 2015 Edition: A DEA Resource Guide.